What is a File

 A group of organized data (records) which are assembled for one particular purpose and considered as one unit

 Stored in permanent storage like hard disk, diskettes, etc.

Types of Files

 Files can broadly be categorized into two types:

◦ Executable Files
◦ Non-Executable Files (Data Files)

What are EXE Files

 Exe Files:

◦ Program files that run or execute themselves

◦ Have either COM or EXE or BAT as extension

What are Data Files

 Non- executable files that contain only the data that we produce

 Cannot execute themselves
 Need application program to run

What is a Command

 A command is a set of instructions used to perform a specific work

 Interpreted by the OS interpreter to a machine language

◦ E.g. <md Ram>,<cd Ram>,etc.

Windows

 In windows it is very easy to do any action like creating a file or copying, moving, deleting, etc…..

 Because the instructions are executed by clicking on icons and windows unlike Dos operating system.

 Now create a folder and practice all instruction mentioned before ?

DOS Commands

 Types of DOS Commands ◦ Internal

◦ External

 Directory

• Root Directory
• Parent Directory

Types of Command

 Internal Command

◦ Those commands which are already loaded in the Command.COM file while switching to the MS DOS

◦ E.g. CLS,VER, DEL, etc.  External Command

◦ Those commands which are not loaded when loading the Program but are available in the Disk and can be invoked whenever necessary

◦ E.g. FORMAT,TREE, XCOPY, etc.

What is a Directory

 A directory is a list of file which is itself a file stored in the computer’s memory so that users can reference it as it is required

 Also called a catalog of files

Root Directory

 The Root directory is that directory that is automatically created when the disk is formatted

 It is the current drive that we have been working

◦ E.g. A:\, B:\ (for Floppy Disk Drive) ◦ C:\,D:\ etc. (for Hard Disk Drive)

Current / Parent Directory

 Current directory is that directory in which you are currently working

 Parent directory is that directory which is one level up of the current directory

◦ E.g. C:\Ram\Hari>

Current directory

Parent directory Root directory

Getting into MS DOS

•   To start MS DOS, click on the Start button and choose Run
•   In the Run dialog box, type CMD or COMMAND which is the EXE file for MS DOS
•   Click on the OK button

Listing the Directories and Files in MS DOS

 For listing the Sub-directories and Files within a directory, we use the DIR command

 Syntax :
◦ DIR/ [Directory_name]

◦ E.g. C:\>DIR/ NCIT

 Displays all the directories/files within the directory NCIT

1. Dir/ah :-Display all hidden files and directories.
2. Dir/a-d : – Display only files.
3. Dir/ad :- Display only Directories.
4. Dir/a/s:-Display all directory and file with subdirectory.
5. Dir/a :- Display All Hidden And Non hidden file and directories.
6. Dir n*.* :Display all file and directory starting with ‘ n ’ alphabet.

Changing a Directory in MS DOS

 For changing the directory in MS DOS, we use the CD (Change Directory) command

 Syntax:
◦ C:\>CD NCIT

 Now it appears as: ◦ C:\NCIT>

Creating Files in MS DOS

 For creating the files in DOS, the command COPY CON is used

 Syntax:
◦ COPY CON filename

Note: File name should not exceed eight characters excluding three characters for extension

◦ E.g.College1.txt
◦ To save the file press Ctrl+z then Enter

Reading Files in MS DOS

 For reading the Pre-created files in MS DOS, we use the TYPE command. It displays all the contents that are in the file.

 Syntax :
◦ TYPE Filename

Renaming Files

 For renaming the files in MS DOS we use the REN Command

 Syntax:
◦ REN oldfilename newfilename

Deleting Files in MS DOS

 For deleting files in MS DOS we use the DEL command

 Syntax :
◦ DEL Filename

De

leting directories in MSDOS

 For deleting the directories in MS DOS we use the RD command

 Syntax :
◦ RD Directoryname

Note : For removing the directory first the directory should be empty

Checking the Date/Time

•   For checking the date from the system in MS DOS, we use the DATE command. It returns the current system date.
•   Similarly, the TIME command returns the current time from the system.
•   Syntax :
  ◦ C:\>DATE E.g.C:\>DATE

External Commands

Those commands which are not loaded when loading the Program but are available in the Disk and can be invoked whenever necessary

E.g. FORMAT,TREE, XCOPY, etc.

The FORMAT Command

 The FORMAT command prepares a new disk for use by organizing the disk into magnetic tracks and sectors

 Syntax :
◦ A:\>FORMAT [Drive_name]

 E.g.
◦ C:\>FORMAT A:

The TREE Command

 The TREE command is used to display all directory pathnames on the specified disk

 Syntax :
◦ C:\>TREE [disk_name]

 E.g.
◦ C:\>TREE A:

The EDIT Command

 The EDIT command in MS DOS is used to edit the files. It provides a different full screen Editor window with a few menu options.

 Syntax :
◦ C:\>EDIT [filename]

 E.g.
◦ C:\>EDIT file1

The PRINT Command

 The PRINT Command in MS DOS is used to print the text files

 Syntax :
◦ PRINT Filename

 E.g.
◦ PRINT File1.txt